Origins of Human Rights

Origins of gaykind RightsWrite an essay justifying the origins of a particular(a) human rights text, institution, movement or organisation The widely distri scarcelyed solving of Human RightsThe UDHR was a very plan and inspirational text that m each students understand as a strict cornerstone for any world(prenominal) documents of human rights. Created adjacent the UN charter, it enshrined the four basic freedoms adopted in land War II Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom from Fear and Freedom from want. This essay will explain the origins of the UDHR in terms of the events of World War II and its participants, especi all(prenominal)y circling around both the events of the Holocaust and the atomic Bomb. This will be to show that the UDHR draws directly from these events as its origin and why it was necessary in place of the already-existing UN charter. This essay will be scoping the areas around the individual(a)s of World War II, the basic allied freedoms and the UN charter, to the persona of the atomic Bomb in 1945 and the creation of the Declaration of Human Rights on the 10th of December in 1948. Appropriately, to answer the origins of the UDHR, this essay will begin by examining its precursor, the contain of the UN and the four freedoms of the allied forces. The United narrates and Nazi Germany, in particular their war crimes, will also examined in regard to their give-and-take of the minority, namely the Jews, opposite Europeans and women. The origins of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are very clearly linked with the development and use of the Atomic bomb which, rather than targeting a single individual, would be adequate to annihilate nations of varying ethnicity or religion. This newly developed fear and concern out classified the UN charter which was deemed insufficient in defining the rights all public own and lead to this development.The Origins of the UDHR stub be started by looking at both the League of N ations and the ingest of the UN before it. The league itself was a radical discharge from what had previously been done in the work of human rights beforehand, however it was non without its own issues Mazower comments on how A Japanese proposal that the League commit itself to racial equality was unceremoniously and improperly blocked by the major Powers, despite the support it had attracted from other states. 1Further topics of making the minority rights universal rather than aimed towards the new states of eastern Europe were also disregarded each time they were brought forward. The League of Nations were not given the authority to express its opinion as undeniably true in terms of topics such as racial segregation in the US or English treatment of the Catholics. This in turn didnt impact Germany either and would cause issues further on as there was nothing that the league could do in order to speak out against the Nazis treatment of the Jewish people.The United Nations char ter failed in this regard, as well as in several others that lead towards the creation of the UDHR in its place. Historian Mary Ann Gl blockon notes that any the addition of human rights bootences to the Charter might encourage stronger states to intervene in their affairs under pretext of championing the rights of their citizens, as Hitler had done in Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, many tyrants including Hitler had hidden behind the bulwark of national sovereignty, seemingly protected in the Charter as well. 2The vague domestic-jurisdiction language of the charter did not do much in order to remedy these issues. By 1940 the League and its attempts at guaranteeing the rights of minorities in Eastern Europe had been seen as a failure and the powers holding them had all but ended. This was particularly true in the case of 1933 with Germany and the Third Reichs use of Ethnic German groups as a way to undermine the Versailles settlement. This in turn proved to be good enough for ma ny European politicians to argue that a new perspective and method were necessary.The Great Powers back up this because they thereby escaped the specific commitments which the previous arrangements had imposed on them, and which Russian control over post-war eastern Europe rendered no longer practicable. But they also supported it because the new rights regime had no binding legal force.3An immense factor in the origins of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights leads us to the United States. Their part in the United Nations charter marked an immense spell point, as without their support it would be extremely un interchangeablely that human rights would have been as prominent as it was within the charter itself. Glendon holds this precisely to the point where the United States make a a single exception to its opposition to the naming of special commissions in the Charter It would agree to a Human Rights Commission. 4To this the Soviet Union did not object with the belief that th e UN charter would stop any UN interference with most domestic events. As World War II continued, the American public came to believe that isolating themselves would no longer be an effective countermeasure against the threats in Europe. Mazower agrees and states that President Roosevelts State of Union speech of 1941 highlighted the idea of universal and supranational human rights quoting, in particular, the supremacy of human rights everywhere5. It was individuals and speeches like Roosevelts that many argue were the turning point of human rights as mentioned before. Along with the Americans came British support. The British required American support throughout the war effort and to make sure they contain an allied status after it. The British had a great deal more of an issue when it came to the topic of Human Rights in comparison to the Americans as can even be seen in the American constitution. Mazower notes that there was commentary by the British that colonies be exempt fro m these rights and that it should be based for Europe alone, but the endangerment of losing US support would be too great and that Learning to live with human rights might be a necessary evil6Both the brief introduction to Nazi Germany and the USs involvement in the U.N. Charter has been argued in a couple of ways by historians. Mazower suggests that there are devil ways to look at this next part to the origin of the declaration of Human Rights a way in which we can say that a resolve for the states coming together under the United nations to defend these human rights. These are dubbed the Eleanor Roosevelt and the Adolf Hitler version by Mazower. 7To explore the Eleanor Roosevelt version, we will take both the opinions of the aforementioned Mazower and Glendon into account. This is to refer to the event happening due to particular heroic individuals who brought change around due to their efforts and unrelenting faith in the cause of human rights and impacting the powers and forc ing them into action. The first individual this essay will mention in this regard is Rene Cassin. Rene Cassin came from a Jewish family in the South West of France of which twenty six members were killed during the holocaust. He witnessed, as Jay spend described in his lecture at Monash University, the wholesale dismantling and humiliation of his nation. 8Coming from a background in war to eventually winning the Nobel calm Prize of 1968, this example of the individual shows a more pacifist response as a reaction to the catastrophe and standing with human rights in strict contrast to absolute state sovereignty. It was Rene Cassin who wrote up the first draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.On the other side, the Adolf Hitler version, it is argued that the actions of Nazi Germany and the atrocities committed on their end which stamped over all semblances of human rights caused a counter-movement through the world. This brings us to the holocaust. Jay Winter describes t he events of 1948, after the actions of the Nazis, resulting in the talking of human rights to almost be a paradox. Mazower agrees with this statement, saying that the most significant thing about the entire situation is not the fact that heroic individuals made a difference but rather that international human rights turned out rather unusually to be an area of post-war politics in which individuals on the fringes of political life strand they had a certain scope for action9. The Nazis themselves had a clearly large role in the sudden rise of discussions of human rights. They did not see individual rights in great light and openly looked down upon them from their nationalist position. This was in clear contrast to both the American and the British democrats who contradictory the fascist regime and attempting to enforce individual rights against the powerful Nazi state seemed to go side by side with it and seemed especially urgent to those people who matte that the war had start ed because of the inherent bellicosity of dictatorships10.It is also often argued that the Holocaust was much less central to perceptions of what the war was in 1945 than it is in the modern day. This is understandable as it came be seen how any of the atrocities committed by the Nazis could be interpreted as a link towards the origins of the UDHR yet still not necessarily be referenced to as just the Germanic Jews but as a crime against anyone who was wronged by the regime. Samuel Moyn also tip overs this in arguing that the holocaust was also unmentioned and that hostile to conventional assumptions, there was no wide-spread holocaust consciousness in the post-war era, so human rights could not have been a response to it11. Looking at Durantis The Holocaust and Human Rights Law gives a few more examples in favour of the theory, such as Bill Clintons address in April 1993 stating a direct rise of the UDHR due to the holocaust and quoting The Amnesty International Handbook which st ates almost the same thing12.The lessons of the holocaust were rather clear however after the events a wider populace came to realise that the Nazis rise to power, Germanys rapid expansion in nationalism and the treatment of the German Jews showed that the state could not be left in supreme control and that the rights must be defended and judged internationally. Mazower comments on the statement of Quincy Wright, a political theorist, who observed that it was a general principle that a State was free to persecute its own nationals in its own territory as it saw fit, yet stressed that an effective international organisation is not possible unless it protects basic human rights against encroachment by national States13-The Universal Declaration charted a bold new course for human rights by presenting a vision of freedom as linked to social security, balanced by responsibilities, grounded in respect for equal human dignity, and guarded by the rule of law. That vision was meant to prot ect liberty from degenerating into license and to repel the excesses of individualism and collectivism alike. By affirming that all its rights belong to everyone, everywhere, it aimed to put an end to the idea that a nations treatment of its own citizens or subjects was immune from outside scrutiny.-Its nonbinding principles, carried far and wide by activists and modem communications, have vaulted over the political and legal barriers that impede efforts to stimulate international enforcement mechanisms The Declarations principles, moreover, have increasingly acquired legal force, mainly through their incorporation into national legal systems.ATOMIC BOMBFinally, the Atomic bomb and its development and use brought greater questions forward. Dropped on the 7th of August 1945 with the declaration being made on the 10th of December 1948, the atomic bomb, rather than targeting an individual of a particular religion or ethnicity, could target entire nations and pose a threat. Examples of the bombs influence can be seen even in the creation of the UDHREveryone has the right freely to take part in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.14Article 27 puts particular emphasis on a human beings right to participate in culture. The Atomic bomb had given the United States a substaintial lead in terms of the Cold War and piqued much interest from their soviet counterparts which advocated to use science in a very progressive, democratic and peaceful purposes and had many propositions towards how, as Johannes Morsink quotes the development of science must serve in the interests of progress and democracy and the cause of international peace and cooperation15.The Origins of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have many problems associated with creating a link between any massive events or given source, which has caused some debate on the topic. Several historians such as Winter, Duranti, Glendon, Moyn and Mazower all give somewhat distinctive approaches to what truly connects the Declaration with its supposed factors, such as certain individuals like Eleanor Roosevelt and Rene Cassin, The influence of the Great Powers, The Holocaust and Nazi Germanys crimes and the use of the Atomic bomb. To observe the origins the Charter of the United Nations and the League of Nations were also observed as a precursor to the declaration, as well as why the system failed and had to be renovated in order to main1 Mark Mazower Page 3822 Mary Ann Glendon A World Made New scalawag 203 THE STRANGE cheer OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 19331950* MARK MAZOWER Birkbeck College, London page 14 Mary Ann Glendon A world made new page 175 THE STRANGE TRIUMPH OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 19331950* MARK MAZOWER Birkbeck College, London page 3876 THE STRANGE TRIUMPH OF H UMAN RIGHTS, 19331950* MARK MAZOWER Birkbeck College, London page 3877 THE STRANGE TRIUMPH OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 19331950* MARK MAZOWER Birkbeck College, London page 3808 Jay Winter9 THE STRANGE TRIUMPH OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 19331950* MARK MAZOWER Birkbeck College, London page 38110 THE STRANGE TRIUMPH OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 19331950* MARK MAZOWER Birkbeck College, London page 38611 Samuel Moyn12 Marco Duranti, The holocaust and Human Rights Law, page 16313 THE STRANGE TRIUMPH OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 19331950* MARK MAZOWER Birkbeck College, London page 38514 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights15 Johannes Morsink The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Origins and Intent