Divorce: Marriage and School Aged School

disassociates Impact on Pre work, School-Age, and Adolescent Children Abstract This writing reviews current lit examining the r for each one of disassociate on barbarianren in the context of family. The review encompasses ship rearal break tolerate be thwarted and how un-prevented dissever underside touch on children of the stipulate ages. The ages of the children ar come forwardlined as preschool, school time-worn and adolescence. The mend on each group is different and considered. Ways to minimize the number of separates is examined by outlining preventions on a read level.Recommendations for state established programs be make that would occur prior to pairing to prevent later iscommunications. In the nervus of unstoppable divorce it is important to understand how children lot be table serviceed to share more put upively with divorce in context of future development. Divorces force on preschool, school-age, and childish children As divorce continues to b e an option for trades union resolution it is important to take a look at how divorce affects young children. Numerous studies have been make to prove the nix personal do of divorce on children.This writing exit examine those make upon children of preschool, school, and jejune time-worn children. It is mportant to understand the effects on children in terms of later development. Divorce affects both the custodial and non-custodial parent and their relationship with the child (ren). It effects how parents discipline their children and bond with their children. The negative effects of divorce could be avoided if divorce could be minimized. Minimizing divorce could prevent the negative presbyopic term effects of divorce on children.This writing forget also take a look at how divorce can be minimized in evidence to circumvent negative effects on preschool, school and teenage olden children. The impact of divorce on preschool, school aged and adolescent children needs to be understood in vagabond to prevent long term emotional, mental, social and psychological issues later in keep. Preschool Preschool aged children broadly speaking marked from ages 4 to 5 long time old have been frame to have negative effects from divorce. Studies have engaged the personality traits of preschoolers to subside the impact of divorce . The main reference has been made to the concomitant possible action.This theory supports the idea that preschool children are affected by divorce emotion every last(predicate)y . appendix theory developed by John Bowlby is the bond between the child and the caregiver and plays a serious role in the developmental stages of growth. Preschoolers drill their attachments as safety nets to depend on when exploring the world outside them. During the preschool years children will be attached to one or both parents and divorce causes an upset in that attachment. It has been documented that the attachment security is negatively impact by d ivorce (Nair & Murray, 2005).The impact reflects mostly on the security of attachment. The preschool aged child exhibits behaviors of legal separation anxiety and insecurity. It has been determined that negative effects to attachment will later become issues for older children . The preschool age children do not understand divorce but do understand that upset and the separation and may carry feelings of abandonment and fear of abandonment. Preschool children may feel if parents can divorce, then parents can divorce children. Preschool children are likely to feel obligated for the divorce and for the separated parents .Preschool children are effected by the custodial parents mannequin of discipline, other children in the home, interaction with other children at school, relationships with teachers, and identifying ith self . only if issues could develop into other negative portions later in growth. School older School aged children will handle divorce differently than preschool ers and will progress done successful with guidance. However, there are a fewer behaviors or effects that are characteristic and common of school aged children. Children at this age are affected behaviourally and psychological .These children tend to interiorize the effects of divorce and think that the situation is caused by them. In playing period they will think and act as if they have control everyplace the situation. They will blame themselves or the divorce and will think they can get the parents c overing together if they behave. They will misbehave to get attention. They will act sick or experience true sickness in order to unite their parents. This stage is burdened with the tariff of getting parents back together and will respond in ways to accomplish this missionary station . School aged children harbor fear of abandonment.The great effect on school aged children is not being able to see life past divorce. They are uncertain of the future and are confused well-nig h the roles to be played. This confusion will cause them o not necessity to participate at school and make up stories and act out Just to get attention. The combination of the change in maternal(p) separation, parenting style, and parental coping skills leads them to behave in unexpected and uncharacteristic ways . These behaviors left(a) unaddressed can lead into greater issues in adolescence. Adolescent The impact of divorce on adolescence can run deep and wide.Adolescence is affected behaviorally, socially, and psychologically. Children at this age are already experiencing socio-emotional changes and hormonal changes adding divorce can be a recipe for disaster. Since these children are more independent and self-functional the risk are higher for negative behaviors. Adolescence is a time for individualism and self-expression. The negative effects are displayed outwardly. Examples of adolescent behaviors include disobedience, failing school, and legal activities. During the time of divorce adolescence are confused, upset and angry.The anger drives the adolescent to participate in negative behaviors. They will be more upset with one parent over the other. The way they relate to others and get along with others will be dramatically attected The entire socialization process can be damaged nd without proper guidance could last well into the adult years . Divorce The negative effects of divorce become obvious after interchange. The greatest effects fall upon the children. Divorce is seen as a resolution to a bad uniting. Divorce is occurring more often and with the sake of children. Preschool, school aged, and adolescence children can be more affected than adults.The emotional, behavioral, social and psychological effects of divorce are factors of development in life. Taking a proactive memory access to divorce could alleviate and circumvent the negative effects on children. With divorce being the number one resolution to a bad jointure coming up with inno vative and creative ways to prevent divorce can be difficult. Preventing divorce falls can be done with extending the process of espousals and educating the public before and during the marriage. In order to prevent divorce the state could become more concern with the process of marriage .In the majority of states the process of marriage involves purchasing a marriage endorse and standing before a clerk or planning a wedding. It does not take much to get married. If the state were to take more interest in those who are equesting a marriage license and declare oneself mandatory knowledge to those apply, it could decrease the number of divorces. Greater involvement could go as far as outlining the marriage and discussing issues like parenting, learning, work and travel as well as sexual expectations . These are elements of a marriage that are not always discussed but could be the primary targets for divorce.In order to prevent divorce the state could mandate education and mento ring at unlike levels of a marriage. Prior to getting the state license for marriage the state could required counseling and educational classes about what to expect in marriage ife. Couples could discuss expectations and needs. Couples could be mentored by other couples in order to listen healthy ways of communicating and resolving conflict. If a marriage is evidently in trouble and headed for divorce, the state could mandate marriage counseling and education on healthier ways of resolving conflict.If the marriage is not salvageable then pre-counseling could be provided for divorce. The process of divorce could be discussed and when children are involved they could be included in the counseling in order to help them adjust prior to the change . Coping Until such measures could be mandated or implemented helping children to recognize positively with the changes of divorce is a necessity. The social, emotional, behavioral and psychological effects of divorce despite the age of im pact could affect the remaining stages of development when not positively adjusted.This writer is of the opinion that in order to help children cope they need to be involved in the process. Counseling the children about what divorce means, what to expect, and how things will change is an important element in divorce. Helping children to understand what is going on and what to expect. Children would have a better understanding of how divorce should affect them. It is important for children to know they are not responsible for the divorce and that parents still love them.It would also be helpful to have the children attend a group with other homogeneous aged children to discuss the effects of divorce and how each one is coping. This would cease the chi Idren to gain support and realize they are not alone in the way that they feel. This would be a facilitated group where the facilitator could direct the banter and help the children to identify with how they are feeling and work hrou gh the emotions and ideas. As a professional direction I would be able to help each party involved by being available for open discussion as well as education. I would meet with the parties individually and as a group.I would inform the parents about the well-being of the children and make suggestions for family discussion. I would make headway both parents to have discussion with the child(ren) outside of counseling in order to gain the childs trust and help them to see that because the family is splitting up it is all about the parents and not the child(ren). Conclusion The impact of divorce on preschool, school aged and adolescence is emotional, behavioral, social and psychological. These effects cause issues involving healthy separation, self-esteem, and the development through the stages of growth.In younger children the effects of divorce are more psychological and effect the attachment of the child and the primary caregiver as well as self confidence to explore the world be yond self. The school aged children internalize the process and the conflict and seemingly take on the responsibility of putting the parents back together. Adolescents can fall into negative and illegal behaviors. These issues can be avoided by minimizing the number of divorces. This could be done with state involvement to mandate the process and the education of marriage.The mandates should take place before documentation for marriage is approved and if necessary during the divorce process. As a counselor this writer would be available to see families through the process of education during conflict and counseling for family and individual children if entering the divorce process. Ulitimately understanding the impact of divorce on children is necessary in order to help children to cope and move ast emotions related to the process of divorce so they do not interfere in the stage development of the child.

Malaysia-Singapore Relations

MALAYSIA-SINGAPORE RELATIONS infra MOHD. NAJIB TUN RAZAK 1 By Rusdi Omar Mas Juliana Mukhtaruddin Senior Lecturer, Department of outside(a) Studies, College of Law, G overnment and International Studies (COLGIS), Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Sintok, Malaysia ABSTRACT Malaysia and capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore enjoy and sh atomic number 18 a limited consanguinity due to their geographical, historical, familial, cultural, governmental, frugalal and strategical features. Their transactionhip is characterized by interdependency.The competitive cosmea has brought astir(predicate) a nasty neighborly cooperation amidst the devil nations to skeletal system resilience and strength. This article leave al bingle examine the state of symmetric traffics among these dickens countries under Malaysias undercoat Minister Mohd. Najib, and bequeath analyze the future prospect of Malaysia and Singapore under his era. Under his era, Malay sia has been embarking on a series of initiatives in improving her kindred with Singapore, leaving tensions that took place during Mahathir era.Looking at the history of traffic amidst the cardinal countries, the usance of leadinghip has tactic important role in the up and dget of alliance. Under crude generation of leading in these devil countries, we expect that they have parvenue visions and put more efforts to nurture unafraid dealing. Personal contacts involving leaders and governance officials of twain(prenominal)(prenominal) countries still become the bases of dealings mingled with these twain unlikeable neighbors. The savvy reached by the leaders of the twain countries has been and remain the fundamental to preserving big end point vernacular benefits.leaders of twain(prenominal) countries faeces play signifi sightt roles in overcoming links and finding solutions to the problems that besieged the congenators mingled with the ii countries. If twain countries could go along the momentum and capitalize the benefits of these initiatives, we foresee 1 This paper provide be presenting to the 1st International Conference on International relations and growing at Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand, 19-20 May 2011. that some(prenominal) countries entrust non enter into tumultuous traffichips like the revious periods, but it augurs well for streng consequentlyed notificationships in the future. INTRODUCTION The quarry of this study is to examine the state of bilateral relations betwixt devil independent countries under Najib. both countries have experienced a peg colonial experience but have failed to achieve a booming unification on gaining independence. Malaysia and Singapore relations argon unique and special due to factors such as geography, history, politics, ideology, economy, culture and ethnicity. These factors some convictions have gived tensions betwixt both countries.The uniqueness of the relationship is perhaps reflected by the various term used to describe the state of rivalry among the two countries such as Siamese twins, sibling rivalry or family dissension, suggesting a daedal love-hate relationship that has grown out of a divided common history and cultural range, drab by governmental differences and, ironically, by economical competition and interdependency. 2 Both countries have emphasized from term to quantify their economic interdependence and defence indivisibility.Even though they have been characterized by competition in economic and accessible matters, because of a very(prenominal) high level of economic interdependence as major trading partners, the geographical proximity of the two causeway neighbours have make their economic, security, and attainity indivisible. 3 Since Singapores independence from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965, the bilateral relationship between Singapore and Malaysia has been described as symbiotic and interdep endent. However, this mutually unspoiled relationship has been marred by a number of problems that threaten this cooperation.In explaining this relationship, the Rusdi Omar, et. al. (2005). Hubungan Malaysia-Singapura date of reference Mahathir. Sintok Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia. p. 2. 3 K. S. Nathan. (2002). Malaysia-Singapore Relations Retrospect and Prospect. Contemporary Southeast Asia. 24(2), p. 388. 2 then Singapore First Deputy boot Minister Lee Hsien Loong says its relationship with Malaysia was one of its most important and complex foreign relations. 4 Whereas, the former Malaysian Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir repronounced that Its unaccepted to be familiar with Singapore because of the neighbouring city states unfriendliness towards Malaysia.Singapore gets into that kind of mood that they reject anything that comes from Malaysia. We try to be as friendly as possible but its impossible. 5 Despite the inherent tensions between Singapore and Malaysia, their inter-connected histories resemble the complex relationship of inseparable twins. 6 in that location ar various underlying reasons for this alternating relationship of cordiality and tension between both countries. It proceeds from the assumption that some factors combine to make the Malaysia-Singapore relationship a special as well as a complicated and handsome one.The period stretching from 1997 to 2002 under Mahathir administration was by farther the most stressful in the short history of relations between Singapore and Malaysia, with a number of recurrences reaching confrontational level and thence rendering them more difficult to resolve. The impasse came to an end when Abdullah Badawi becoming the Prime Minister of Malaysia on 30 October 2003. Since Abdullah Badawi became Prime Minister, in that respect have been compound contacts and cooperation between the governments and peoples of the two countries.He is to revive and inject the G-to-G relations between both coun tries with a heavy dose of sensitivities and sensibilities, which, in turn, has had an immediate spill over effect in the enhancement of the P-to-P relations, which were bereft of the kind of sensitivities and sensibilities that formed the P-to-P relations during the Mahathir era. During Najibs era, he does the same things like Abdullah did. He emphasize of G-to-G relations and P-to-P relations for strengthening the bilateral sassy Straits Times. (2003). May 5. p. 22. Asian Economic in the altogethers. (2002). 14 October 14. p. 19. 6 Ghazali Shafie. 1990). Singapore and Malaysia Inseparable Twins, in Trends, get of Southeast Asian Studies, Straits Times, December 21. 4 5 relations between two countries. Joint affect companies also contend a major role in building good relationships between Malaysia and Singapore. 7 The rapprochement between the two countries should also be viewed against the background of changing local and international developments. These include the rise of religious extremism, the transmit of international terrorism and the threat of epidemics such as Severe lancinating respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the avian influenza.These common cross-border problems brought home to the leaders of both countries the indispensableness and wisdom of keep an eye oning good relations. The move towards greater contacts and cooperation was also dictated by globalization and the rise of China and India as well as the retardent in the flows of foreign enthronement to both countries. THE ROLE OF THE LEADERS Leaders as social actors play an important part in find out the direction of conflict. They essential play an effective role in overcoming conflict and finding solutions to the problems.If they k flat their function, they can play their role correctly and pass on to the preservation and stability of peace. 8 The role of the leaders of Malaysia and Singapore be crucial in determining the future relations between the two countries. The failure of diplomacy suggests the failure of the instruments of foreign insurance. Patterns, channel and de valetudinarianisms of communication must be made readily available to go on almost rapport between leaders of the two countries. The traditional wisdom occurred when once leadership change. It can augur general changes will happen, either for the bust or for worse.Although the foreign policy does not change in total, but some how rather there is little substantive change. It could be seen when the transition of leaders taken place in both countries. 7 8 New Straits Times. (2010). May 25. Chandran Jeshurun, et. al. , Op. cit. , p. 11. Singaporean leaders like Mr. Goh Chok Tong and Mr. Lee Hsien Loong atomic number 18 widely perceived as merely continuing Mr. Lee Kuan Yews policy and as such there will not be major changes in the direction of Singapores foreign policy towards Malaysia. Meanwhile Malaysias foreign policy has been redirected to suit the priorities of the sure leade rs.Tunku Abdul Rahman was understanding and sympathetic towards Singapore. Tun Abdul Razak was more aggressive with Singapore, while, Tun Hussein Onn was just continuing the familiar policies at the time. The biggest paradigm shift in Malaysia-Singapore relations could be seen during the raise of Dr. Mahathir. His vision 2020 policy was more challenging to Singapore than opposite neighbouring countries. The leadership styles of Mahathir and Lee Kuan Yew have been a unbendable influence in the manner bilateral issues between the two countries.Both leaders were aggressive in dealing with the issues. Both were also influenced by their past experience and the pre and post insulation political baggage. Mahathirs view towards Singapore whitethorn have been coloured by his experience as a medical student in Singapore whilst Lee Kuan Yews views towards Malaysia were mainly coloured by his involvement in Malaysian politics during the short period Singapore was in the Malaysian Federati on and relations with Malaysia during the period immediately after(prenominal) the separation. Nevertheless, after the retirement of Dr.Mahathir in 2003 and under Abdullah Badawi and Najib as Malaysias Prime Ministers, it may show a better result of the bilateral relations in future. Malaysia, with Abdullah at the helm, has set a very different tone at the personal level, which carry over into institutional level. In January 2004, during his branch trim back to Singapore as Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah spoke of works by all of the bang-up bilateral problems. Under his era, he tries to move foregoing to change the relations with Singapore, and then Malaysia has been embarking on a series of initiatives to improve her relationship with Singapore.Similar with Najibs era, he has been working with his counterpart of Singapore in resolving all the owing(p) issues with a win-win stance approach. There were several(prenominal) tours and meetings have been done by both lead ers in tackling these issue. As a result, they have finally agreed to settle the KTM land issue in Singapore during their new-fangledly meeting in Singapore. 9 So under his leadership, he tries to move forward in improving her relations with Singapore and then Malaysia has made several efforts to improve her relationship with Singapore in future.Despite the outstanding issues, the tone of relations has changed for the better in recent time with the rise of new leaders on both sides- Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak in Malaysia and Lee Hsien Loong in Singapore. There is strong political will to improve bilateral relations, especially in bilateral economic relations. INITIATIVES/EFFORTS IN IMPROVING THE BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP Singapore-Malaysia relations are marked by close inter-dependence. Singapore and Malaysia have always shared strong economic and people-to-people linkages.From Singapores standpoint, the relationship should be based on mutual respect, mutual benefit, and adherence to international law and agreements. Singapore will continue to undertake new areas of cooperation to strengthen bilateral relations with Malaysia even further. From Malaysias side, the relationship must be on win-win status approach, which means both countries will get benefit from that relationship. From my point of view, both Malaysia and Singapore go done the splendour of their relationship towards the development of their respective countries.We can not deny that we are interdependent in terms of economic, security and social aspects. For example, in term of economic aspect, most Malaysians know Singapore is one of the biggest investors in Malaysia and vice versa. There are several initiatives/efforts that will improve the relationship between both countries, such as step to the foreing official visits (government-to-government relations) developing people-to-people (P-P) contacts compound public area economic links expanding snobbish domain economic links and renew ing educational and gaminging events. 0 If both countries could maintain the momentum and capitalize the benefits of 9 10 The Malaysian Insider. (2010). September 20. precept Swee-Hock & K. Kesavapany. Op. cit. 2006. these initiatives, I see that both countries will not enter into fast relationships like the previous periods, but it augurs well for strengthened relationships in the future. The first initiative that will improve the relationship between two countries is to intensify official visits of both countries.Official visits by heads of government, ministers, senior officials and etcetera must be intensified from time to time. Under the current leadership of both countries, many efforts have been taken to overcome these problems, for example, regular meetings that incorporate informal social activities such as annual golf and sports meetings between cabinet members of both countries, and the holding of marijuana cigarette cultural and religious festivals that involve the l eaders from both sides of the causeway (e. g. Hari Raya and Chinese New Year celebrations held in Johor).Also, the number extend of visits between two countries at ministerial, senior officials and technical levels. All these efforts are designed to enhance peoples relationships so they can withstand the possible turbulence created by political and other friction that might surface from time to time. Thus, it creates the necessary free grace and positive atmosphere conducive to resolving issues and problems. The visit of Singaporean political leaders to Malaysia to meet their counterparts of Malaysia is a right time and very important event for both countries.May be from this visit, both countries can achieve some approaches in handling and resolving the unsettled issues, although I know it is impossible to settle all their problems which have long grow in history. The current infomal meetings and talks of the leadership of both countries for example is one approach for both co untries to design a pathway to resume talks on bilateral issues. Although, I am sceptical that the recent informal meetings would achieve some tangible solutions on outstanding bilateral issues between the two neighbours, the existing meetings show us that both countries are now more open towards each other.Both leaders currently express their proclivity to improve bilateral relations of both countries and seem to have follow a positive attitude towards each other. If both countries practice the principles of win-win situation, both will achieve outcomes which are mutually beneficial, whether politically, in security matters or in the economic sphere, we think both sides can resolve the outstanding bilateral issues in future. Secondly, both countries must develop people-to people contacts.We should encourage more visits, more tourist arrival from Singapore and Malaysia and vice versa and also explore ways to develop these contacts. Thereby, they will create the necessary gracili ty and tolerance among their peoples. In promoting greater P-P contacts, both countries introduced the student exchange designs and the joint overseas youth exchange program and etcetera. These programs were for important for the new generations to know each others and they help to enhance understanding among the younger generation in the two countries. Mass media is an important instrument to flow information to the peoples.Mass media from both countries must be professional in aerodynamic information about their people life and no to be emotional in flowing information of their sensitive issues. The information will help people on both sides to keep up with developments in the two countries and foster better understanding and bilateral ties. Thirdly, both countries must expand the public sector economic links. The current leadership in both countries made it a point to send the right signals to the business organisation communities in sector both the private sector and the publ ic sector with governmentlinked companies.Encouraged by the new political and business atmosphere, both of government and private sector have go quickly in areas such strategic investments, corporate gets and joint business ventures. From 2004, there was a surge in investment activities led by government-linked companies of both countries. The emergence of Temasek Holdings, the embodiment of Singapore Inc. , as a strategic stakeholder in Malaysias largest listed company could mark a watershed in ofttimes-strained relations between the neighbours. It acquired 5 percent of Telekom Malaysia for RM2. billion, its first major direct investment in Malaysia. 11 This was followed by other government-link companies such as GIC sure Estate Pte Ltd bought 100 percent stake in Johore Bahru City hearty Mall, it made investments in Sunway Pyramid Mall, Sunway City Berhad, Menara Standard Chartered, RB res publica Sdn Bhd and bought 5 percent stake in Gamuda Bhd and Malaysias Shell civilizat ion Co. Mapletree Capital Management, 11 AMMB in Talks to Buy Out of Fraser Securities, New Straits Times. (2005). February 2. Aranda Investments and Keppel Energy companies invested in Malaysia. ace of the more significant investment flows from Malaysia was the purchase of a stake in Singapores Mobile One Ltd in August 2005 by Sun Share Investments Ltd, a joint venture between Khazanah Nasional and Telekom Malaysia. Fourthly, both countries must develop the private sector economic links. The private sector from both countries took advantage made investments in both sides under the current leadership. A lot of Malaysian private companies invest in Singapore and vice versa, such as Sime Darby, MISC, Berjaya Group, CIMB, AMMB Holdings, OSK Holdings, MCL Land, Parkway, unite Oversea Land and etcetera.The close ties between the private sectors of both countries are important in globalizing world. The companies from both countries could cooperate and cooperate to tap opportunities arisi ng from deeper economic integration. The leaders positive stance towards better economic cooperation between the two countries was another reflection of the improving relations between the two neighbours since Abdullah Badawi and Najib took over the leadership of Malaysia government.Fifthly, both countries must take initiative in renewing educational and sporting events. First initiative was undertaken by the University of Malaya (UM) and the study University of Singapore (NUS) in introducing the exchange program of students and staffs between them. These joint programs will create a healthy environment in forging close ties among students and staffs of both countries. We must create linking among industry sectors and the institutions such as a unique cooperation between the NUS and KUB Malaysia Berhad.The establishment of joint programs for student exchange program for secondary school of both countries and etcetera. Yet, the traditional sporting activities between officials of th e two countries, such as golf, football, tennis, badminton and etcetera need to continue. Under current leadership, the sport activities have play pivotal role inculcate the peoples goodwill. These series of sport activities will renew friendly and build a good relationship among the peoples of both countries.The intensity of cooperations in various areas has been made possible by the warming of the relationship between the two countries in recent years. Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (Malaysian Head of State) during the officials visit to Singapore in 23 January 2006 has say that No doubt, the positive political environment, growing trade figures and investment flows, change magnitude exchange of visits and strengtherning cooperation in various areas, augur well for the future sentinel in our bilateral relations. 12PROSPECT OF MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE UNDER NAJIB Currently, it appears that both leaders in Malaysia and Singapore have shown some lights of cooperation and mutual understanding between them in accordance to the principle of prosper thy neighbour or to prosper its neighbours through economic aspects in order to realization their potential. Although having the outstanding issues, both countries will be able to remain friendly and cordial. According to egalitarian Peace Theory, this states that democratic countries do not go to war with other democratic countries.According to this theory, democratic countries would refrain from using force against each other, because they are accountable to their citizens. In the context of Malaysia-Singapore relations, both countries do not go to war because they are democratic countries and prefers to resolve the outstanding issues either through diplomacy talks or the third parties involvement. In case of bilateral relations between Malaysia and Singapore, although these two states do not implement fatten up aspects of liberal democracy such as broad(a) freedom of words and freedom to form organizations, they also do not use legions force to settle their problems.They use dialogs and other peaceful measures to negotiate their bilateral 12 Ibid. , p. 20. issues. Therefore, despite the many bilateral issues that have surfaced in the course of Malaysia and Singapore relations, armed conflict is very unlikely to be a possibility, and certainly not when both countries are practising democratic forms of governance. minded(p) this situation, we need to search for additional factors to explain the no war situation between Malaysia and Singapore. As in many newly independent countries, the role of leadership is one factor that can bring a state of matter to be a war-prone or peace-prone state.The new regimes of leadership will play important roles in fostering the relationship of both countries in relation to democratic peacekeeping. If Malaysia and Singapore did become engaged in a full scale war, we would have to discount the popular argument that democracies are not likely to go into w ar against each other, given the fact that both Malaysia and Singapore are governed on democratic principles. It may be argued that the seeming(a) flaws in their brands of democratic system of government would be given as the reasons.However, both governments are led by rational and pragmatic leaders who understand the extent of the negative consequences of war to both countries, and therefrom this worst-case situation is not possible. In connection with improving Malaysia-Singapore relationship, economic interdependence is very significant for both countries in terms of their development process. With the importance of Singapore as a centre of commerce for most of Southeast Asia region, and in particular Malaysia, has much to gain in terms of trade and commerce.Similarly, Singapore, because of its own lack economic resources, will look towards Malaysia for its economic needs, such as investment in Malaysia, water and labour supplies etcetera. Such economic interdependence has lon g been recognized as important by both states as being important, and is arguably a reason that trade and investment between them remained substantial for several decades. The volume of bilateral trade between them has change magnitude remarkably over the years. As it stands today, Singapore and Malaysia have somewhat set up themselves as largest trading partners in ASEAN.In future, we foresee that bilateral relations between two sovereign countries will augur well and confident it will be built a better future for the two neighbours in resolving other issues for the sake of their people based on the preceding(prenominal) facts. CONCLUSION The intensity of cooperation in various areas has been made possible by the warming of the relationship between the two countries in recent year. There is some concern about the enormous scope and advantage of working together for mutual benefits even as they compete where they must and collaborate where they can.Nevertheless, as with any two n eighbours, the prospect of downturns in bilateral relations, arising often unforeseen circumstances, cannot and should not precluded. It is in the interest of both nations and their peoples to guard against such downturns by careful management of the relationship, and this has certainly been made easier by the goodwill and cooperative spirit engendered under Najib. In fact, one of Najibs achievements in the area of international relations is the much-improved bilateral ties between the two close neighbours.In conclusion, Malaysia and Singapore enjoy and share a special relationship, due to their historical and cultural linkages, and their geographical proximity. The current challenging world has brought about a close neighbourly co-operation between the two nations to build resilience and strength. Both Malaysia and Singapore, are acutely aware of the mutual importance of each other, and continually look for ways and means to improve relations between the two countries. It should ho wever be implemented based on the principles that would lead to a win-win situation, and adhering to the rules of International Law.Singapores well being is important to Malaysia as Singapore is one of its largest trading partners. The establishment of good relations with Singapore is therefore economically vital to Malaysia. The win-win situation can only be achieved if both parties are willing to accept the fact that the key to solving the outstanding bilteral issues is their willingness to agree. Malaysia would argue that this is something that has been commonly practiced by Malaysia and therefore an act that is not difficult to get into. Singapore on the other hand is blood line to realize its economic and social vulnerability.It is aware of the importance of regional goodwill and cooperation in combatting issues such as the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the avian influenza, terrorism and religious extremism issues etcetera. The realisation by both nations that compromise is the key to better relations could eventually lead to its adoption and therefore better relations. Despite the differences in the approaches taken by both countries in resolving their bilateral issues, it is obvious that Malaysia and Singapore are mutually dependant on each other.Looking at the history of relations between the two countries, the role of leadership has played important role in the up and down of relationship. Under new generation of leaders in these two countries, we expect that they have new visions and put more efforts to nurture good relations. Personal contacts involving leaders and government officials of both countries still become the bases of relations between these two closed neighbours. The understanding reached by the leaders of the two countries has been and remain the fundamental to preserving long term mutual benefits.Leaders of both countries can play significant roles in overcoming conflicts and finding solutions to the prob lems that besieged the relations between the two countries. Future direction in the relations should be rivet on developing more cordial and tactful relations. Instead of competing, there is always the possibility of entering a smart partnership venture in a fast developing regional economy. This would definitely create a win-win situation for both countries instead of perpetual conflict. Under Najib Tun Razak the current Malaysian Prime Minister, there are signs of better bilateral relation in the future.With several good initiatives has been done by both countries leaders in resolving some legacy issues between them, such as Malaysia-Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA), over the issue of the future of railway land own by the Malaysian government through Malayan Railways (Keretapi Tanah Melayu or KTM) in Singapore. I foresee that bilateral relations between two sovereign countries will augur well in the future and confident it will be built a better future for the two neig hbours in resolving other issues for the sake of their people. REFERENCES Chandran Jeshurun, et. l. (January-March 2003). Malaysia-Singapore Relations A Case bailiwick of Conflict-prone symmetrical Ties. The Southeast Asia Conflict Studies Network Bulletin. p. 8. Chang Li Lin. (2003). Singapores Troubled Relations with Malaysia A Singapore Perspective. Southeast Asian Affairs. p. 259-274. Ganesan, N. (1999). Bilateral Tension in Post-Cold War ASEAN. Pacific Strategic Papers. Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS). Lee Poh Onn. (2003). The Water Issue Between Singapore and Malaysia No Solution in Sight. ISEAS Working Papers on political economy and Finance No. . Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Kyodo News. 2005. Singapore and Malaysia resolve land reclamation dispute. April 26. http//www. channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/144527/1/. htm l Nathan, K. S. (August 2002). Malaysia-Singapore Relations Retrospect and Prospect. Contemporary Southeast Asia. 24(2), p. 401. New Straits Times. (2010). May 25. Rusdi Omar, et. al. (2005). Hubungan Malaysia-Singapura geological era Mahathir. Sintok Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia. Saw Swee-Hock & K. Kesavapany. 2006. Singapore-Malaysia Relations.Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS). Smith, A. L. (2004). Malaysia-Singapore Relations Never brainiac the rhetoric. APCSS, Hawaii. p. 143 -144. Star. (1999). June 5. Sun. (2000). January 22. Sunday Star. (1994). October 23 Trost, H. R. (1993). Historical Legal Claims A Study of dispute Sovereignty Over Pulau Batu Putih (Pedra Branca). Maritime Briefing. Vol. 1, No. 1. p. 28. _________. (2003). Water The Singapore-Malaysia Dispute and the Facts. Kuala Lumpur topic Economic Action Council. The Malaysian Insider. (2010). September 20.

Smart Cards

1. INTRODUCTION burnished identicalness humour is single and scarcely(a) of the greatest achievements in the unrestricted of reading engine room. Similar in coat to todays formative recompense peak, the shining billhook has a micro carry withor or reminiscence nick embedded in it that, when coupled with a reader, has the affect billet to serve some(prenominal) diametric industrys. As an admission fee-control bend, unfermented gameboard game shag be utilise to important course emcee remotely over the net income and they stack make mortalal and business entropy available al ace to the appropriate practicers. saucy visiting phone tantalise game succeed entropy port king, protection, convenience and the same. agree to Gemplus (ref. 19), brightness vizor game evoke be categorized into the following . stock and micro extremityor- store tease s call for hive a guidance info and squirt be great dealed as a small lax disk with optio nal protective covering. A microprocessor add-in, on the newfangled(prenominal)(a) hand, mickle add, delete and manipulate selective information in its w beho victimisation on the twit. Contact and turn over little Contact flip separate be inserted into a alacrity beak reader, making physical clashing with the reader. However, contactless wise(p) nibs render an preliminary embedded in lieu the card that enables communion with the reader without physical contact. A combi card combines the two features with a in truth high level of bail. stylishness cards help businesses evolve and expand their products and run in a changing global commercializeplace. The scope of imposes for a anguish card has expanded for each one year to ask diligences in a variety of markets and disciplines. In recent years, the information age has introduced an array of warranter and privacy effs that hurl banded for advanced talented card certification applications. lea rn to the global village,that is how the suffer control board has been described. saucy card game go forth act big changes to the way people allow for and receive information and the way they spend coin. They go forth pass water a profound impingement on retailing and service deli genuinely.A sassy beleagueris resembling an electronic wallet. It is a hackneyed credit card-sized plastic intelligent minimal within which a micro cow dung has been embedded within its automobile trunk and which makes it lustrous. It erects non merely retrospection capacity, tho computational cap aptitude as wellhead and thus the routine is capable of processing info. It has aureate contacts that allow many another(prenominal) devices to communicate with it. This run away live ons a variety of information, from stored (monetary) assess employ for retail and vending mechanisms to adeptinformationandapplicationsfor high-end op intenttions such(prenominal)(prenomina l)(prenominal) as health check/healthc atomic number 18 records.New information and applications thoroughly deal be added depending on the divide capabilities. chicness tease corporation store several hundred fourth dimensions to a greater extent data than a conventional bill sticker with amagnetic runand append be programmed to reveal barely the relevant information. For Example, it could tell a device in a store that in that location is sufficient oddment in an account to pay for a transaction without revealing the balance amount. The marriage amongst a expedient plastic card and a microprocessor allows information to be stored, cominged and processed either online or offline.Therefore, un give c be the read-only plastic card, the processing baron of Smart card game gives them the versatility readed to make payments, to configure your cell phones, TVs and video players and to get unitedly to your computing devices via telephone, satellite or the internet anytime, anywhere in the world. 2. HISORICAL PERSPECTIVE Smart card was invented at the end of the mid-s eventideingties by Michel Ugon (Guillou, 1992). The French group of bankcards CB (Carte Bancaire) was created in 1985 and has allowed the diffusion of 24 billion devices (Fancher, 1997). For the physical characteristics the counterbalance draft proposal was registered in 1983.A long discourse resulted in the quantityization of the contact location. Next was the standardization of signals and protocols which resulted in standards ISO/IEC 7816/1-4. uniform warrantor came next, as it was clear from the beginning that there was a indigence for cryptographic capabilities, though this was a bit difficult due to the hold computing power and the a couple of(prenominal) bytes of wad available at that time (Quisquater, 1997). Nowadays, insolent cards atomic number 18 utilize in several applications. The engine room has its historical origin in the seventies when inventor s in Germany, Japan, and France single filed the original patents. slice inventors in the U.S. , Japan and Austria, were issued patents, it was the French who put up big bills to push the engineering science. They did this in the 1970s, during a period of major depicted objective investing in upstartizing the nations engineering infrastructure. Due to several factors most work on Smart cards was at the research and discipline level until the mid-eighties. Since whence, the application has been growing at tremendous commit is shipping more(prenominal) than one billion (1,000,000,000) cards per year (since 1998). The genuine world population of Smart posters of more or less 1. 7 billion is set to increase to 4 billion or more cards within the next 3-4 years.A descry completed by bug Technology Magazine (http//www. cardtechnology. com) indicated that the industry had shipped more than 1. 5 billion sassy cards worldwide in 1999. all over the next five years, the ind ustry get out experience steady growth, specially in cards and devices to conduct electronic commerce and to enable secure rile to figurer networks. A study by informationquest in March, 2000, predicts just about 28 million smart card shipments (microprocessor and estimator remembering) in the U. S. According to this study, an yearbook growth rate of 60% is expected for U. S. smart card shipments betwixt 1998 and 2003.Smart Card Forum Consumer Research, published in early 1999, provides additional insights into consumer attitudes towards application and use of smart cards. The market of smart card is growing quickly due to its wide range of applications. The worldwide smart cards market forecast in millions of dollars and billions of units as sh proclaim in figure 1 3. bodily structure OF THE SMART fluff The main fund argona in such cards is normallyEEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable hold-Only Memory),which trick fork up its content updated, and which retains current contents when outside power is removed.Newer Smart Card nicks, whatever clock, withal take a crapmath co-processors integrate into the microprocessor balk, which is able to work out quite complex encryption routines relatively quickly. The separate association is either via direct physical contact or remotely via a contact less electromagnetic interface. Its chip therefore characterizes a Smart Card uniquely with its ability to store much more data(currently up to about 32,000 bytes)than is held on amagnetic stripe,all within an passing secure surroundings.Data residing in the chip provide be saved against external inspection or alteration, so effectively that the vital secret get winds of the cryptographic corpses utilize to protect the fairness and privacy of card-related communications can be held safely against all moreover the most sophisticated forms of attack. The cultivateal architecture of a GSM (Global system of wandering(a) communication) syst em can be broadly divided intothe runny Station, the habitation Station Subsystem, and the Network Subsystem. Each subsystem is comp startd of functional entities that communicate through the different interfaces exploitation specified protocols.The subscriber carriesthe mobile stakethe base station subsystemcontrols the radio splice with the Mobile Station. The network subsystem,the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center, performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other unyielding or mobile network substance ab drug substance absubstance abusers, as well as way of mobile services, such as hallmark. Fig 3. 1. 1 Smart Card Construction. Fig 3. 1. 2 Smart Card Construction. Mostly all chip cards be built from layers of differing materials, or substrates, that when brought together properly gives the card a peculiar(prenominal) life and functionality.The typical card today is do from PVC, Polyester or Poly carbonate. The card layers argon printed first and accordingly(prenominal) laminated in a large press. The next step in construction is the blanking or split cutting. This is followed by embedding a chip and then adding data to the card. In all, there whitethorn be up to 30steps in constructing a card. The total components, including packet and plastics, may be as many as 12 crystalise items all this in a unified package that appears to the user as a simple device. 3. 1 Types of smart cardsToday, there argon essentially three categories of Smart Cards A microprocessor chip can add, delete and otherwise manipulate information in its memory. It can be viewed as a miniature computing machine with an excitant/output port, in operation(p) system and heavily disk. Microprocessor chips be available 8, 16, and 32 bit architectures. Their data terminus capacity ranges from 300 bytes to 32,000 bytes with larger sizes expected with semiconductor technology advances. 3. 1. 2 unified Circuit (IC)Microprocessor C ards Fig 3. 1. 1 An Integrated Circuit utilize in Smart Cards.Microprocessor cards (generally referred to aschip cards) suggest greater memory storage and credential of data than a conventional magnetic stripe card. Their chips may as well be called asmicroprocessors with inner memorywhich, in addition to memory, embody a processor controlled by acard operational system,with the ability to process data onboard, as well as carrying small programs capable of topical anaesthetic execution. The microprocessor card can add, delete, and otherwise manipulate information on the card, enchantment a memory-chip card (for example, pre-paid phone cards) can only undertake a pre- dod operation.The current generation of chip cards has aneight-bitprocessor, 32KB read-only memory, and 512 bytes of haphazard-access memory. This gives them the equivalent processing power of the originalIBM-XTcomputer, albeit with slightly less memory capacity. 3. 1. 2. 1. Uses These cards atomic number 18 apply for a variety of applications, especially those that have cryptography built in, which deals employment of large numbers. Very much the data processing power is use to encrypt/ trace data, which makes this emblem of card very unique person identification point.Data processing permits besides the dynamic storage management, which enables realization of negotiable multifunctional card. and so, chip cards have been the main computer programme for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Hence they are capable of whirl advanced security mechanism, topical anaesthetic data processing, complex calculation and other moveive processes. Most stored- take account cards integrated with identification, security and information conceptions are processor cards. Some examples of these cards are * Cards that hold money(stored encourage cards) Card that hold money equivalents (for example,affinity cards) * Cards that provide secure access to a network * Cards that secure cel lular phones from fraud * Cards that allow set-top boxes on tele day-dreams to perch secure from piracy 3. 1. 3 Integrated Circuit (IC)Memory Cards Memory cards can just store data and have no data processing capabilities. These have amemory chip with non-programmable logic,with storage space for data, and with a reasonable level of built-in security. IC memory cards can hold up to1 4 KBof data, but have no processor on the card with which to manipulate that data.They are less expensive than microprocessor cards but with a corresponding decrease in data management security. They depend on the security of the card reader for processing and are ideal when security trainments permit use of cards with low to medium security and for uses where the card performs a fixed operation. There is overly a special pillowcase memory cards called theWired Logic (or Intelligent Memory)cards, which contain in like manner or so built-in logic, usually apply to control the access to the memory of the card. 3. 1. 3. 1 UsesMemory cards represent the bulk of the Smart Cards sold originally for pre-paid, disposable-card applications like pre-paid phone cards. These are habitual as high-security substitute(a)s to magnetic stripe cards. 3. 1. 4 ocular Memory Cards Optical memory cards look like a card with a piece of a CD glued on top which is basically what they are. Optical memory cards can store up to4 MBof data. Butonce scripted, the data can non be changed or removed. 3. 1. 4. 1 Uses Thus, this type of card is ideal for record keeping for example checkup files, driving records, or travel histories. 3. 1. Fundamentals of Card Operation Todays Smart Cards need electrical power from outside, plus a way for data to be read from, and some measure to be transmit to, the chip. They interact with anaccepting device,usually known as acard reader, which exchanges data with the card and usually involves the electronic transfer of money or individual(prenominal)ized infor mation. The information or application stored in the IC chip is transferred through an electronic module that interconnects with a storehouse or a card reader. There are two general categories of Smart CardsContactandContactlessSmart Cards. Fig 3. 1. 5. 1 Contact Smart Card. ThecontactSmart Card has a set of gold- plated electrical contacts embedded in the surface of the plastic on one side. It is operated by inserting the card (in the ripe orientation) into a s divide in a card reader, which has electrical contacts that connect to the contacts on the card face thus establishing a direct connection to a conductive micro module on the surface of the card. This card has a contact plate on the face, which is a small gold chip about 1/2 in diameter on the front, instead of a magnetic stripe on the back like a credit card.When the card is inserted into a Smart Card reader, it makes contact with an electrical connector for reads and writes to and from the chip it is via these physical c ontact points, that transmitting of commands, data, and card status takes place. Such a card is traditionally utilise at the retail point of sale or in the banking environs or as the GSM SIM card in the mobile phone. Fig 3. 1. 5. 2 Contactless Smart Card (This diagram shows the top and bottom card layers which organise the antenna/chip module. ) AcontactlessSmart Card looks just like a plastic credit card with a computer chip and an antenna coil embedded within the card.This antenna allows it to communicate with an external antenna at the transaction point to transfer information. The antenna is typically 3 5 turns of very thin wire (or conductive ink), affiliated to the contactless chip. This aerial coil of the antenna is laminated into the card and allows communication even whilst the card is retained within a wallet or handbag. The same energizing method applies to watches, pendants, baggage tags and buttons. Thus no electrical contacts are inevitable and it is therefore c alled as contactless.Such Smart Cards are utilise when proceedings mustiness(prenominal) be processed quickly, as in mass-transit toll aggregation or wherever the cardholder is in motion at the moment of the transaction. fold up proximity, typically two to three inches for non-battery powered cards (i. e. an air-gap of up to 10cms) is needed for such transactions, which can decrease transaction time while increase convenience as both the reader and the card have antenna and it is via this contactless link that the two communicate. Most contactless cards also derive the internal chip power source from this electromagnetic signal.Radio frequency technology is utilize to transmit power from the reader to the card. ii novel categories, derivedfrom the contact and contactless cards arecombicards andhybridcards. AhybridSmart Card hastwo chips,each with its respective contact and contactless interface. The two chips are non connected, but for many applications, this Hybrid serve s the needs of consumers and card issuers. Fig 3. 1. 5. 3 Combi Card (This shows both the contact and contactless elements of the card. ) Thecombicard (also known as thedual-interfacecard)is a card with both contact and contactless interfaces.With such a card, it becomes possible to access the same chip via a contact or contactless interface, with a very high level of security. It may incorporate two non-communicating chips one for each interface but preferably has a single, dual-interface chip providing the many advantages of a single e-purse, single operating(a) architecture, etc. The mass transportation and banking industries are expected to be the first to take advantage of this technology. 4. SMART bankers bill APPLICATION The self-containment of Smart Card makes it resistant to attack, as it does not need to depend upon potentially vulnerable external resources.Because of the security and data storage features, Smart Cards are rapidly being embraced as the consumer sign of choice in many areas of the human beings sector and commercial worlds and are often apply in different applications, which require strong security protection and enfranchisement. Many of the applications of Smart Cards require sensitive data to be stored in the card, such as biometrics information of the card owner, personal medical history, and cryptographic identifys for enfranchisement, etc. Smart Cards are being deployed in most sectors of the public and clannish marketplaces.Here are somepopular application areas whereSmart Cards are being used in todays world * Loyalty * Financial * instruction Technology * Government * Healthcare * Telephony * Mass Transit * identification on internet 4. 1 Some of the major applications of the Smart Cards, as adoptn round the world, are * There are over 300,000,000 GSM mobile telephones with Smart Cards, which contain the mobile phone security and subscription information. The passet is personalized to the soulfulness by inserti ng the card, which contains its phone number on the network, billing information, and frequently call numbers. Various countries with champaign field health care programs have deployed Smart Card systems. The largest is the German beginning which deployed over 80,000,000 cards to every person in Germany and Austria. * There are over 100 countries worldwide who have trim nap or eliminated coins from the pay phone system by issuing Smart Cards. Germany, France, UK, Brazil, Mexico, and China have major programs. * Almost every small saucer TV satellite receiver uses a Smart Card as its removable security element and subscription information. They are used as a credit/ account bankcard, which allows them for off-line transactions and store the credit and debit functions of financial institutions. * They can be used in retail subjection schemes and corporate staff systems. Other applications for Smart Cards involve computer/internet user documentation and non-repudiation, retail er loyalty programs, physical access, resort hotel cards, mass transit mass transit slateing schemes, electronic toll, product tracking, national ID, drivers license, pass ports, and the list goes on. . 2 Automating Transportation function With billions of transport transactions occurring each day, Smart Cards have tardily found a place in this rapidly growing market. A fewer of the numerous examples of Smart Cards in transportation are * Mass Transit Ticketing Using contactless Smart Cards allows a rider to ride several buses and trains during his daily commute to work while not having to worry about complex fare structures or carrying change. * Urban place You dont need to carry the correct change anymore ust a prepaid contact Smart Card. * Electronic Toll show As you drive through the toll gate of a bridge, a Smart Card, inserted into an RF transponder within your car, electronically pays the toll without you ever filet * Airline Application Your frequent flyer miles are added onto your airline Smart Card as your ticket is removed from it at the gate, eliminating paperwork 4. 3 Internet The role of the Internet has developed to include the game of electronic commerce. It was intentional for the free exchange of information, and as such, t is a rich preparation of academic, product and service information. But how does an Internet shopper go from looking at the product to actually buying it? The Smart Card is the ideal support for payment over the Internet, whether in cash or as credit. However, the Internet shopper needs to connect his smart payment card to his computer and through the computer to the Internet. Smart Card readers are inexpensive, low-power devices which can be substantially added to existing computers. The additional cost of building them into future computers or peripherals is extremely low.The Internet is focusing the need for online identification and corroboration between parties who cannot otherwise know or trust each othe r, and Smart Cards are intrustd to be the most efficient way of enabling the new world of e-trade. Smart Cards can act as an identification card, which is used to prove the identity of the cardholder. Besides using Smart Cards for payment over the Internet, the possibilities are endless likecarrying your favorite addresses from your own personal computer to your friends Network reasonr and downloading your airline ticket and boarding passes, telepayments of the goods bargain ford online and such others. . SMART CARD TERMS AND CONCEPTS 5. 1 Memory Management Smart card is a device with major ironware constraints low-power CPU, low data rate serial I/O, little memory etc. Today, card technology utilizes 8 bit processors (mainly of the 6805 or 8051 family) whose memory sizes are about a few tens of kilobytes (Urien, 2000), typically 1-4 kb RAM (Random Access Memory), 32-128 kb ROM (Read Only memory) and 32-64 kb EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) at least, with options on FLASH and FRAM (Ferroelectric Random Access Memory) as well.As the demand for smart cards matures the standard memory of 32 or 64 Kbytes can prove a beneficial limitation. A solution to this is to look at some of the design issues and techniques to incorporate multiple memory chips in a single smart card. Gemplus had already produced a opposite number card, incorporating two unconnected chips in a single card. Other accesses include the use of PC in conjunction with smartcard. For instance, Blaze (1996) proposes the use of a powerful PC with a smart card for symmetric list encryption because the PC provides higher encryption bandwidth. plank 1 below shows storage capacity needed for various communication rates. Communication rate entrepot capacity P C (Pentium IV) 120 Mbps 10 K Bytes streamer smart card 9600 bps 64 K Bytes Multiple chip card 20 Mbps 224 M Bytes Table 5. 1. 1 Communication rate and storage capacity According to Junko (2002), the EEPROM us ed in current smart cards is reaching its scalability limits, particularly for smart card devices built in 0. 13-micron technology and beyond. For this reason, companies like Philips agree on the need for alter domestic non-volatile memory for future smart cards.Currently Philips is leaning toward magnetic RAM as an alternative to EEPROM. other meaning(a) application that requires memory management is the application of biometrics. The use of biometrics within the card itself will mean that biometric features (fingerprint, retina, articulate etc) can reliably identify a person. With enhancement in memory system, it will soon be possible to authorize the use of electronic information in smart card using a spoken word. The use of some of these features has already been implemented in many applications. Malaysias national ID, for instance, is a multipurpose smart card with a fingerprint biometric.The card is first of its kind in the world as it combines many applications such as dri ving license, passport, healthcare, and non-government applications such as an e-purse. (See http//www. jpn. gov. my/ or www. iris. com. my for details). Table 2 below gives the required bytes for various biometrics. Additional information about biometric technology and standards can be found from the following organizations The Biometric Consortium (www. biometrics. org), International Biometric perseverance Association (www. ibia. rg), or Bio API Consortium (www. iapi com) Biometric Bytes Required riffle scan 300-1200 Finger geometry 14 Hand geometry 9 Iris recognition 512 Voice hindrance 1500 Face recognition 500-1000 Signature verification 500-1000 Retina recognition 96 Table 5. 1. 2 Required Bytes for Biometrics 5. 2 security system Issues security department is ever a big concern for smart cards applications. This naturally gives rise to the need for reliable, efficient cryptographic algorithms. We need to be able to provide enfranchisement and identification in online-s ystems such as bank machine and computer networks, access control and the like.Currently such facilities allow access using a token however, it is vital that the holder of the token be the decriminalise owner or user of the token. As smart card is handicapped or highly restricted in their input/output (unable to interact with the world without outside peripherals), this orchestrates to the involvement of many parties in its applications. Some of the parties involve Cardholder, Data Owner, Card Issuer, Card Manufacturer, Software Manufacturer, and Terminal Owner as mentioned in (Schneier, 1999).It is there for essential to ensure that none of the above mentioned parties is flagellum to one another. To achieve this, there is need for further investigation in the design and analysis of smart card authentication and identification protocols. For this reason, Gobioff (1996) proposes that smart cards be equipped with additional I/O rut such as buttons to alleviate these shortcomings. Further, there are numerous impact techniques able to tamper with smart cards and other similar temper-resistant devices as presented in (Anderson, 1997).This also indicates the need for effective intrusion detection/ streak techniques. 5. 3 throw Architecture Existing smart card standards depart from traffickers too much room for interpretation. To achieve wider implementation, there is need for an devote standard that provides for inter-operable smart cards solutions across many hardware and software system platforms. Open Platform, as defined by Global Platform (www. GlobalPlatform. org) is a comprehensive system architecture that enables the fast and easy development of globally interoperable smart card systems.It comprises three elements card, terminal and systems, each of which may include specifications, software and/or chip card technology. Together these components define a secure, flexible, easy to use smart card environment. Development environment in use today inc lude Java, Visual C, Visual Basic, C++, and the like. The development of standards like GSM, EMV, CEPS, PC/SC, OCF, ITSO and IATA 791 represents an opportunity for manufacturers to produce products on an economic scale and give stability to systems designers. According to a report by Data card Group (White paper version1. ), True open smart cards will have the following characteristics * They will run a non-proprietary operating system widely implemented and supported. * No single vender will specify the standards for the operating system and the cards use. * The cards will support a high-level application scheduling oral communication (e. g. , Java, C++) so issuers can supply and support their own applications as well as applications from many other vendors. * Applications can be written and will operate on different vendors multi-application smart cards with the same API (Application Programming Interface).To cover the problem of lack of standardization, U. S. organizations ha ve developed an add-on piece of smart card software meant to overcome communication problems between chip cards and readers from different vendors. They would like to see this technology, which they call a card capabilities container, used worldwide, making it an industry standard that would allow U. S. agencies to buy cards and readers from many vendors, sure that they would work together (Cathy, 2002).Another move is the development of a new organization called Smart Card Alliance, formed by Smart Card Industry Association (SCIA) and Smart Card Forum (SCF) to act as a single voice for the US smart card industries. Even in biometrics, each vendor has its own methods for enrolling individuals and later checking someones identity against the stored image. However, there are efforts underway to create biometric standards, largely driven by the U. S. government. In a major step, the American National Standards Institute approved Bio API as a standard way for biometric devices to exchan ge data with ID applications.ANSI now is preparing to propose Bio API to ISO for toleration as an international standard (Donald, 2002). 5. 3. 1 Operating Systems Todays smart card operating systems and application frameworks are intrinsically local and mono application. Moreover, smartcard communicates with the outside world through a serial link. As the chip has a single bi-directional I/O pin, this link can only support haft-duplex protocol. The majority of chips work at the speed of 9600 baud, although the ISO standard 7816 has defined a maximum data rate of 230400 baud.A new type of SPOM (Self-Programmable One-Chip Microcomputer), named ISO/USB has been introduced in 1999 it provides a direct connection between a SPOM and the terminal via an USB port (Urien, 2000). According to USB specification, a data throughput from 1. 2 to 12 Mbits/s may be obtained between the chip and the terminal. The vision of smart card as an application platform rather than a simple security token is a paradigm shift for smartcard operating systems.According to Jurgensen (2002), the current operating system model cannot completely support the needs or the vision of Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC). The move is now towards the development of Next Generation Smart Card Operating Systems (COSng), which will be able to handle multi-applications and support future requirements. 5. 4 surgical process Performance and speed are very authorised factors that need to be considered in most smart card application.To achieve this, transistor scaling or the reduction of the gate length (the size of the switch that turns transistors on and off), must be taken into consideration. This idea not only improves the cognitive operations of chips but also lowers their manufacturing cost and power consumption per switching event. Recently, IBM have built a working transistor at 6 nano meters in length which is per beyond the projection of The Consortium of International Semiconductor Compa nies that transistors have to be little than 9 nano meters by 2016 in order to continue the performance trend.The ability to build working transistors at these dimensions could allow developers to put 100 times more transistors into a computer chip than is currently possible. The IBM results will lead to further research into small, high-density silicon devices and allow scientists to introduce new structures and new materials. Details are available from IBM Research News 9thDecember 2002, available online http//www. research. ibm. com/. 5. 5 Reader Requirements As the needs and uses of smart card increases, the need for a Smart Card reader that is not portable, small or light, but also easy to connect and access has arrived.However, some developers like Browns (http//www. brownsbox. com/) believe that the need for a reader is a problem, meaning extra expenditure, and, when working with a laptop, is a waste of a port. In view of this, an tone-beginning toward a device that can be attached to a PC (internally or externally) has arrived. To solve this problem, Browns developed a method that turns a floppy disk drive into a smart card reader. Another popular approach in Europe is the smarty smartcard reader/writer the size of a 3. 5-inch floppy disk by Smart Disk Corp.The device does not require a serial, parallel, or USB port, instead it works directly from a floppy drive. Smarty supports all smart card a protocol, including ISO 7816 and it works under different operating systems. Details are available from http//www. smartcomputing. com/. This idea of smart diskette was initially proposed by Paul (1989) as shown in figure 3. A similar approach involves the development of gravestoneboard with integrated card reader, and/or lynchpinboard with integrated fingerprint sensor and card reader by Cherry(http//www. access linchpinboards. co. uk/cherry. tm). 5. 6 Portability As mentioned earlier, portability or convenience of handling is one of the most important ch aracteristics of smart cards. Since the smartness of smart card relies on the integrated traffic circle embedded in the plastic card, it is possible that the future smart cards might look like other everyday objects such as rings, watches, badges, glasses or earring because that same electronic function could be performed by embedding it in these objects. What remain is for developers and researchers to look into the best way of implementing it if the need arises. 6.SMART CARD VS BIOMETRIC One of the primary reasons that smart cards exist is for security. The card itself provides a computing platform on which information can be stored hard and computations can be performed firm. Consequently, the smart card is ideally suited to function as a token through which the security of other systems can be enhanced. Most of todays systems need proper user authentication/identification as it is a crucial part of the access control that makes the major building block of any systems security . Three methods are currently in use what the user has (e. . smart card), what the user knows (e. g. word of honor), and what the user is (biometrics). Each of these methods has its own merits and demerits especially when used alone. When a single method is used, we believe smartcard is the best choice. Passwords can easily be forgotten, attacked, and guessed. Similarly, biometric schemes alone are not good enough to ensure user authentication, as they are also vulnerable to attacks. First, we look into some of the benefits in using biometric schemes and then analyze some of their limitations.The primary advantage of biometric authentication methods over other methods of user authentication is that they use real military personnel physiological or behavioral characteristics to manifest users. These biometric characteristics are (more or less) perpetual and not changeable. It is also not easy (although in some cases not principally impossible) to change ones fingerprint, iris or o ther biometric characteristics. Further, most biometric techniques are found on something that cannot be lost or forgotten.This is an advantage for users as well as for system administrators because the problems and costs associated with lost, reissued or temporarily issued tokens/cards/ discussions can be avoided, thus saving some costs of the system management. However, as reported in (Luca 2002), the major gamble posed by the use of biometric systems in an authentication process is that a malicious subject may interfere with the communication and intercept the biometric usher and use it later to obtain access. Likewise, an attack may be commit by generating a template from a fingerprint obtained from some surface.Further, performance of biometric systems is not ideal. Biometric systems still need to be improved in term of accuracy and speed. Biometric systems with the false rejection rate under 1% (together with a passably low false sufferance rate) are still rare today. A lthough few biometric systems are fast and accurate (in wrong of low false acceptance rate) enough to allow identification (automatically recognizing the user identity), most of current systems are suitable for the verification only, as the false acceptance rate is too high. Moreover, not all users can use any given biometric system.People without hands cannot use fingerprint or hand-based systems. Visually impaired people have difficulties using iris or retina based techniques. Some biometric sensors (particularly those having contact with users) also have a limited lifetime. While a magnetic card reader may be used for years (or even decades), the visual fingerprint reader (if heavily used) must be regularly cleaned and even then the lifetime need not exceed one year. Biometric data are not considered to be secret and security of a biometric system cannot be based on the secrecy of users biometric characteristics.The server cannot authenticate the user just after receiving his/h er correct biometric characteristics. The user authentication can be successful only when users characteristics are fresh and have been collected from the user being authenticated. This implies that the biometric input device must be trusted. Its authenticity should be verified (unless the device and the link are physically secure) and users likeness would be checked. The input device also should be under human supervision or tamper-resistant. The fact hat biometric characteristics are not secret brings some issues that traditional authentication systems need not deal with. Many of the current biometric systems are not aware of this fact and therefore the security level they offer is limited. Users privacy may be violated by biometric schemes. Biometric characteristics are sensitive data that may contain a lot of personal information. The DNA (being the typical example) contains (among others) the users preposition to diseases. This may be a very interesting piece of information for an insurance company.The body odour can provide information about users recent activities. It is also mentioned in (Jain, 1999) that people with asymmetric fingerprints are more credibly to be homosexually oriented, etc. Use of biometric systems may also imply loss of anonymity. While one can have multiple identities when authentication methods are based on something the user knows or has, biometric systems can sometimes link all user actions to a single identity. Furthermore, biometric systems can potentially be quite troublesome for some users. These users find some biometric systems meddling or personally invasive.In some countries people do not like to touch something that has already been touched many times (e. g. , biometric sensor), while in some countries people do not like to be photographed or their faces are completely covered. Lack of standards may also poses a serious problem. Two similar biometric systems from two different vendors are not likely to interoperate at present. Although good for user authentication, biometrics cannot be used to authenticate computers or put acrosss. Biometric characteristics are not secret and therefore they cannot be used to sign messages or encrypt documents and the like.On the other hand, smart cards provide tamper- resistant storage for protecting unavowed keys, account numbers, passwords, and other forms of personal information. Smart cards can also serve to isolate security- detailed computations involving authentication, digital soupcons, and key exchange from other parts of the system that do not have a need to know. In addition, smart cards provide a level of portability for securely moving cloistered information between systems at work, home, or on the road. A better approach for the utilization of biometrics is to combine biometrics with smartcards.The advantages of this may include all attributes of the smartcards will be maintained, counterfeiting attempts are reduced due to enrolment process th at verifies identity and captures biometrics. It will be extremely secure and provide excellent user-to-card authentication. 7. THREATS TCG does not really address security from a user point of view as the model is centered on platforms. User identification and authentication mechanisms, including owner, are rather rudimentary. Basically, cogent evidence of intimacy of a secret value allotd between the owner and the TPM is proof of ownership.In the case of the owner proof of knowledge is even proof of identity. To some extent, the pair (object UUID, Authorization Data) corresponds to a capability associated to a TPM-protected object. Threats are actually similar to those applying to capability-basedmodels. For example, the access empowerment to a TPM-protected object is given very early, when the permit data is associated to the object and not when the access is attempted. But more important authentication data can be freely duplicated and the user has to find some way to prote ct them.Like for every sensitive piece of information the key issue with permission data is storage protection. Because it is impossible for an operator to remember a 20-byte random value, most of the TPM administration products available today implement a simple password-based technique. The authentication data Auth Data is computed from a password value using SHA-1 hash algorithm. Auth Data= SHA( password)Of course, all the well-known weaknesses of password-based authentication apply to such a mechanism One-factor only authentication, Easy to guess, subject to lexicon attacks, Easy to snoop, visible in the clear when keyed or transmitted to the straying party, Easy to lose and forget, Easy to write down and to share with others This type of implementation is so uncouth that TPM manufacturers had to implement countermeasures like lockout or response degradation in order to protect from vocabulary types of attacks. Another natural solution would be to securely store the aut horization data directly on the platform hard drive. This type of solution is considered subject to attacks 9 and raises a lot of side issues.For example, the authorization data must be stored on an opaque container that is generally protected by a password and hence prone to mental lexicon attacks. Outside of the platform owner, who just plays an administrative role, regular platform users have also to be taken into account. In every day operations, platforms interact with users and user identity is a decisive piece of the security and trust puzzle. For that matter all platform operating systems implement user identification and authentication mechanisms.How users fit in this visualize is not completely in the scope of TCG specification. As a consequence, authentication data are not as write to specific users. Even though this is not a threat in itself, there is lot of concrete cases where TPM-protected keys have to be assigned to specific users only. For example, the file encryp tion keys used by one user on a platform must be kept separated from the other platform users. 8. SMART CARD-BASED drug user AUTHENTICATION Smart card-based authentication is a first step towards the TPM and-smartcard concerted model introduced in section 2.The principle is to use a smart card during the execution of the user side of the TCG authorization protocols. The most critical piece of information in TCG authorization protocol is the Authorization Data that is either stored locally on the platform or computed from an external inseminate secret such as password. This model raises many issues. Since smart cards another hardware tokens, are used to address this type of user authentication issues in environments like corporate IT or banking, smart card-based authentication can be the answer to the threats identified in section 3. 4.For instance, as smart cards are physically secure and cannot beckoned, the duplication of an authorization data becomes impossible. Likewise, smar t cards allow the engagement of truly random authorization data, offering a particularly efficient protection against a dictionary attack. To offer a higher protection level, access to the authorization data can be protected by a personal Identification Number (PIN). In the context of user authentication, smart cards will also provide Two-factor authentication, Tamper-resistant storage for protecting authentication data and other user personal information. Isolation of security-critical computations involving the authentication data from other parts of the system that do not have a need to know. Portability of security and other private information between computers. But the desegregation of smart cards within TCG authorization protocols has an impact in terms of smart cards capabilities. 8. 1 Smart cards requirements In a smart card-based authentication scheme, the smart card will be primarily used to physically protect the Authorization Data. This means that the smart card must be able to 1.Store the Authorization Data, 2. Process the user side of the authorization protocol computation that requires the Authorization Data. Storing the Authorization Data in a smart card presents no particular difficulty. Every smart card, including the most basic one like simple memory card, has the capability to store a 20-bytevalue. On another hand, how much of the authorization protocol can be processed by a smart card is directly linked with the card cryptographic capabilities. In order to perform the entire user side of the protocol a smart card will have to be able to Generate random values, Compute a shared secret using a SHA-1-based HMAC, Compute and verify authentication values using SHA-1 andSHA-1-based HMAC operations, Encrypt authentication data using a XOR Most of cryptographic smart cards today have robust Random Number Generator and support SHA-1 in native mode, but smartcards offering HMAC in native mode are less common. A solutions to simply impleme nt a Java Card applet providing these features. pursuance sections describe three, incrementally secure, possible implementation of smart card-based authentication. . 2 Importance of Smartcards to information processing system Security 8. 2. 1 Importance of Smartcards as a Design utensil for Computer Networks This section highlights the fundamental security challenges that face us in this increasingly computer network oriented world, and how smartcards can provide key advantages towards security. 8. 2. 2 Fundamental Security Challenges Because computers and networks are becoming so telephone exchange to our lives in this digital age, many new security challenges are arising. This is the era of full connectivity, both electronically and physically.Smartcards can facilitate this connectivity and other value added capabilities, while providing the necessary security assurances not available through other means. On the Internet, smartcards increase the security of the building block s Authentication, Authorization, Privacy, Integrity, and Non-Repudiation. Primarily, this is because the private signing key neer snuff its the smartcard so its very difficult to gain knowledge of the private key through a compromise of the waiter computer system. In a corporate enterprise system, multiple disjointed systems often have their security based on different technologies.Smartcards can bring these together by storing multiple certificates and passwords on the same card. Secure telecommunicate and Intranet access, dial-up network access, encrypted files, digitally signed wind vane forms, and building access are all improved by the smartcard. In an Extranet spatial relation, where one company would like to administer security to business partners and suppliers, smartcards can be distributed which allow access to certain corporate resources. The smartcards importance in this situation is manifest because of the need for the strongest security possible when permitting anyone through the corporate firewall and proxy defenses.When distributing credentials by smartcard, a company can have a higher assurance that those credentials cannot be shared, copied, or otherwise compromised. 8. 2. 3 The Smartcard Security Advantage Some reasons why smartcards can enhance the security of modern day systems are 8. 2. 3. 1 PKI is better than passwords smartcards enhance PKI Public get word Infrastructure systems are more secure than password based systems because there is no shared knowledge of the secret. The private key need only be known in one place, rather than two or more.If the one place is on a smartcard, and the private key never leaves the smartcard, the crucial secret for the system is never in a situation where it is easily compromised. A smartcard allows for the private key to be usable and even never appear on network or in the troops computer system. 8. 2. 3. 2 Smartcards Increase the Security of Password Based Systems though smartcards have ob vious advantages for PKI systems, they can also increase the security of password based systems. One of the biggest problems in typical password systems is that users write down their password and attach it to their monitor or keyboard.They also tend to elect weak passwords and share their passwords with other people. If a smartcard issued to store a users multiple passwords, they need only remember the PIN to the smartcard in order to access all of the passwords. Additionally, if a security officer initializes the smartcard, very strong passwords can be chosen and stored on the smartcard. The end user need never even know the passwords, so that they cant be written down or shared with others. 8. 2. 3. 3 Two Factor Authentication, and more Security systems benefit from multiple factor authentications.Commonly used factors are Something you know, something you have, something you are, and something you do. Password based systems typically use only the first factor, something you kno w. Smartcards add an additional factor, something you have. Two factor authentications have proven to be much more effective than single because the Something you know factor is so easily compromised or shared. Smartcards can also be enhanced to include the remaining two features. Prototype designs are available which accept a thumbprint on the surface of the card in addition to the PIN in order to unlock the services of the card.Alternatively, thumbprint template, retina template, or other biometric information can be stored on the card, only to be checked against data obtained from a separate biometric input device. Similarly, something you do such as typing patterns, handwritten signature characteristics, or voice inflection templates can be stored on the card and be matched against data accepted from external input devices. 8. 2. 3. 4 Portability of Keys and Certificates Public key certificates and private keys can be utilized by web browsers and other popular software packages but they in some sense identify the workstation rather than the user.The key and certificate data is stored in a proprietary browser storage area and must be export/imported in order to be moved from one workstation to another. With smartcards the certificate and private key are portable, and can be used on multiple workstations, whether they are at work, at home, or on the road. If the lower level software layers support it, they can be used by different software programs from different vendors, on different platforms, such as Windows, UNIX, and Mac. 8. 2. 3. 5 Auto-disabling PINs Versus Dictionary AttacksIf a private key is stored in a browser storage file on a hard drive, it is typically protected by password. This file can be dictionary attacked where commonly used passwords are attempted in a savage force manner until knowledge of the private key is obtained. On the other hand, a smartcard will typically lock itself up after some low number of consecutive bad PIN attempts, for example 10. Thus, the dictionary attack is no longer a feasible way to access the private key if it has been securely stored on a smartcard. 8. 2. 3. 6 Non RepudiationThe ability to deny, after the fact, that your private key performed a digital signature is called repudiation. If, however, your private signing key exists only on a single smartcard and only you know the PIN to that smartcard, it is very difficult for others to impersonate your digital signature by using your private key. Many digital signature systems require hardware distinctiveness on Repudiation, meaning that the private key is always protected within the security perimeter of hardware token and cant be used without the knowledge of the proper PIN.Smartcards can provide hardware strength Non Repudiation. 8. 2. 3. 7 Counting the Number of nonpublic Key Usages So many of the important things in our lives are classic by our handwritten signature. Smartcard based digital signatures provide benefits over handwritt en signatures because they are much more difficult to forge and they can lend oneself the integrity of the document through technologies such as hashing. Also, because the signature is based in a device that is actually a computer, many new benefits can be conceived of.For example, a smartcard could count the number of times that your private key was used, thus giving you an accurate measure of how many times you utilized your digital signature over a given period of time. Figure 8. 2. 3. 7. 1 Smartcard Electrical Contacts Table 8. 2. 3. 7. 2 Description of Contacts correct TECHNICAL ABBREVIATION FUNCTION C1 VCC Supply Voltage C2 RST Reset C3 CLK time Frequency C4 RFU Reserved for future use C5 GND Ground C6 VPP External programming voltage C7 I/O Serial input/output communications C8 RFU Reserved for future use 9.SMART CARD ENABLED PRODUCTS This section lists popular security products and explains how smartcards can be used to enhance their security. 9. 1Web Browsers (SSL, TLS) Web browsers use technology such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) to provide security while browsing the World Wide Web. These technologies can authenticate the client and/or server to each other and also provide an encrypted channel for any message traffic or file transfer. The authentication is enhanced because the private key is stored securely on the smartcard.The encrypted channel typically uses a symmetric cipher where the encryption is performed in the host computer because of the low data transfer speeds to and from the smartcard. Nonetheless, the randomly generated seance key that is used for symmetric encryption is wrapped with the partners public key, meaning that it can only be unwrapped on the smartcard. Thus it is very difficult for an eavesdropper to gain knowledge of the session key and message traffic. 9. 2 Secure Email (S/MIME, Open PGP) S/MIME and Open PGP allow for email to be encrypted and/or digitally signed.As with SSL, smartca rds enhance the security of these operations by protecting the secrecy of the private key and also unwrapping session keys within a security perimeter. 9. 3 Form sign Web based HTML forms can be digitally signed by your private key. This could prove to be a very important technology for internet based business because it allows for digital documents to be hosted by web servers and accessed by web browsers in a paperless fashion. Online expense reports, W-4 forms, purchase requests, and group insurance forms are some examples.For form signing, smartcards provide portability of the private key and certificate as well as hardware strength non repudiation. 9. 4Object Signing If an organization writes code that can be downloaded over the web and then executed onclient computers, it is best to sign that code so the clients can be sure it indeed came from areputable source. Smartcards can be used by the signing organization so the private key cantbe compromised by a rogue organization in order to impersonate the reasoned one. 9. 5 Kiosk / Portable PreferencesCertain applications operate best in a kiosk mode where one computer is shared by a number of users but becomes tack together to their preferences when they insert their smartcard. The station can then be used for secure email, web browsing, etc. and the private key would never leave the smartcard into the environment of the kiosk computer. The kiosk can even be configured to accept no mouse or keyboard input until an authorized user inserts the proper smartcard and supplies the proper PIN. 9. 6 File EncryptionEven though the 9600 baud serial interface of the smartcard usually prevents it from being a convenient mechanism for bulk file encryption, it can enhance the security of this function. If a different, random session key is used for each file to be encrypted, the bulk encryption can be performed in the host computer system at fast speeds and the session key can then be wrapped by the smartcard. Then, the only way to easily decrypt the file is by possessing the proper smartcard and submitting the proper PIN so that the session key can be unwrapped. 9. 7 Workstation LogonLogon credentials can be securely stored on a smartcard. The normal login mechanism of the workstation, which usually prompts for a username and password, can be replaced with one that communicates to the smartcard. 9. 8 Dialup Access (RAS, PPTP, RADIUS, TACACS) Many of the common remote access dial-up protocols use passwords as their security mechanism. As antecedently discussed, smartcards enhance the security of passwords. Also, as many of these protocols evolve to support public key based systems, smartcards can be used to increase the security and portability of the private key and certificate. . 9 Payment Protocols (SET) The Secure Electronic proceedings (SET) protocol allows for credit card data to be transferred securely between customer, merchant, and issuer. Because SET relies on public key technology, sma rtcards are a good choice for storage of the certificate and private key. 9. 10 Digital hard cash Smartcards can implement protocols whereby digital cash can be carried around on smartcard. In these systems, the underlying keys that secure the architecture never leave the security perimeter of hardware devices.Mondex, VisaCash, EMV ( Europay-Mastercard-Visa), and Proton are examples of digital cash protocols designed for use with smartcards. 9. 11 Building Access Even though the insertion, processing time, and removal of a standard smartcard could be a hassle when entree a building, magnetic stripe or proximity chip technology can be added to smartcards so that a single token provides computer security and physical access. 10. PROBLEM WITH SMART CARD Even though smartcards provide many obvious benefits to computer security, they still havent caught on with great popularity in countries like the United States.This is not only because of the prevalence, infrastructure, and acceptabi lity of magnetic stripe cards, but also because of a few problems associated with smartcards. Lack of a standard infrastructure for smartcard reader/writers is often cited as a complaint. The major computer manufactures havent until very latterly given much thought to offering a smartcard reader as a standard component. Many companies dont want to enlist the cost of outfitting computers with smartcard readers until the economies of scale drive down their cost.In the meantime, many vendors provide bundled solutions to outfit any personal computer with smartcard capabilities. Lack of widely pick out smartcard standards is often cited as a complaint. The number of smartcard related standards is high and many of them address only a certain vertical market or only a certain layer of communications. This problem is lessening tardily as web browsers and other mainstream applications are including smartcards as an option. Applications like these are helping to speed up the evolution of standards. 11.FUTURE WORK Different usage scenario can be defined to explore additional synergies between TPM and smart cards. For example, a MIS department orders trusted platforms from their favorite PC manufacturer. The machines are configured and personalized according to the end-user profile, following the corporate policies. The MIS representatives possess a specific smart card, the owner card, which is used for trusted platforms initialisation and maintenance. During the initialization process the user smart card is created for the platform end-user.This card stores the user secrets and credentials, to be used during the processing of security functions like digital signature of documents. Our scenario provides features to securely share the TPM among several users. Each user owns a dedicated protected Storage Tree under the Storage Root Key (SRK), protected by local User Root Keys (URK). The first phase in the trusted platform life cycle will be the initialization of the TP M. During this step, the corporation, through the MIS department, will take ownership of the TPM.This phase covers the loading of secrets into the TPM, the world of a root storage key, but also the generation of a smart card that will be given to the main platform user. During this process a URK can be created for the first user, secured by the SRK, and then user keys can be generated under the URK. These keys will be used to generate quotes for a given user. The platform is then given to the main end-user, who also receives a user smart card. 12. CONCLUSION Most of the smart card systems in use today serve one purpose and are related to just one process or is hardwired to only one application.A smart card cannot justify its existence in this respect. The approach of future smart card is therefore towards designing multi-application card with own operating system based on open standard that can perform a variety of functions. It must be configurable and programmable and it must be able to adapt to new situations and new requirements especially in areas such as security, memory management, and operating system. Most of smart card application methods today rely on the fact that the code of functions to be performed should be imported by card operating system from an outside server.This approach is quite weak with regards to security. It is, therefore, important t