Uncertainty in Illness Theory Analysis

Uncertainty in ailment system AnalysisUNCERTAINTY IN ILLNESS THEORYMIDDLE cast THEORY ASSIGNMENTBYSTEPHANIE MORRISBackground and credentialsMerle Mishel strives to nurture patient outcome and cargon during hesitation by identifying timidties and addressing them. Mishel has a bach of knowledge story in care for from Boston University and Master of Science in nursing from the University of California. She overly has a Master of Arts degree in psychological science and a postgraduate degree in psychology (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Mishel had an get it on with uncertainness via her yield. Mishels father had colon cancer and his experience influenced her to school the possibleness of unbelief in distemper. Mishels father was non fitting to understand what was happening to him and was unable to cope with the complaint. Mishels father tried to control some aspects of his life while turning with skepticism of his infirmity. Mishel started focusing on doubt after she b egan her doctoral study in psychology. Her dissertation foc utilize on the producement of unbelief measures and testing of the measures (Polit Beck, 2008). She developed the possible action of hesitancy in illness to understand how patients can deal with uncertainty caused by their illness. Mishel described the patients experience as ambiguity everyplace uncertainty. She developed a scale to test perceived ambiguity in illness and later renamed the scale to Mishel Uncertainty in Illness carapace (MUIS) (Bailey Stewart, 2014). Middle redact nursing theories provide clear guidance for nursing practice and they are less conceptual and abstract as compared to other theories (Alligood, 2014). The uncertainty in illness theory is considered a middle range theory as it fits into the definition above. Mishel used scientific and empirical severalise to develop the theory and the MUIS tool (Bailey Stewart, 2014).Theoretical source and empirical testifyMishel used empirical and scientific evidence to develop the theory. Study findings on uncertainty were used to develop the antecedents of the uncertainty in illness theory. search in cognitive psychology and uncertainty in ailments was useable in developing the antecedent concept. The appraisal concept was developed utilizing clinical data and discussion with friends. Clinical data showed uncertainty was a preferred postulate in some situations. She also used empirical evidence on stress and make out to develop the theory (Liehr Smith, 2014).Primary sourcesMishel used antithetical sources to develop the theory of uncertainty in illness. She combined query in various areas including managing dangerous events, cognitive processing and uncertainty. She used studies published forward on stress and coping that examined uncertainty as a nerve-racking event. She reevaluated her previous concept and used existing models from Warburton (1979). She used various diverse other studies and research such as B udners (1962) study which examine a certain event as the cause of uncertainty. Mishel significantly considered the stress-coping-adaptation mode of Lazarus and Folkman (1984) in her theory. (Bailey Stewart, 2014). These theorists views influenced how she viewed uncertainty as a cognitive state instead of an emotional response, and helped her to examine uncertainty as a complex cognitive stressor.Basic considerationsThe main concept in the theory of uncertainty of illness is uncertainty. Uncertainity is the lack of ability to determine the nub of events cerebrate to a disease. For instance, patients are unable to determine the outcomes correctly and assign value. other concept is cognitive dodge. Cognitive synopsis is an individuals ingrained interpretation of events relate to to the disease. There are three major themes related to the concepts identified above (Polit Beck, 2008). They include antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty and coping with uncertainty . Antecedents of uncertainty refers to things that happen before the disease experience that carry on the patients thinking. They include pain, perception and earlier experiences. Appraisal of uncertainty entails placing value on the uncertain circumstance. Coping with uncertainty refers to activities the patient uses to deal with the uncertainty (Liehr Smith, 2014).Mishel has discussed the metaparadigm concepts in her theory including the purlieu, health, nursing and somebody. A person is an individual who experiences uncertainty in diseases. The uncertainty affects interpersonal relationships as the body changes. The environment refers to the healthcare environment where the theory is applicable. Uncertainity caused by diseases affects a patients health and patients should develop coping mechanisms to cope with the uncertainty. Healthcare professionals use MUIS tool to identify areas of the disease that are causing uncertainty. Then they address the areas to help the patient de velop coping mechanisms that will enhance his health. Nursing is aimed at helping patients and families pass over uncertainty in diseases and learn new ways of life. Nurses play a critical role in helping patients understand uncertainty in diseases and cope (Liehr Smith, 2014).Mishel made various assumptions when developing the theory. She assumed uncertainty is a cognitive state that represents insufficiency of a current cognitive schema to support the interpretation of events related to a disease (Polit Beck, 2008). Besides, she assumed that uncertainty was a neutral experience not harmful until it is appraised as harmful. She also assumed that individuals can cope with uncertainty in diseases and hence modify their outcome and persona of life. She also claimed that people do not make in an equilibrium state and they need time to concentrate on self. Thus, they are unable to incorporate the uncertainty into their view of life if there is not enough time (Liehr Smith, 2014) .The uncertainty in illness schema consists of variant themes related to the main concepts. The themes are antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty and coping with uncertainty. The antecedent theme comprises of stimuli frame, social organization providers and cognitive capacity. Stimuli frame refers to the form and structure of the stimuli an individual perceives. The stimuli frame consists of symptom pattern, event knowledge and event congruence (Polit Beck, 2008). Symptom patterns imply the outcome to which symptoms sport a pattern. Event familiarity is the extent to which a situation has recognized cues. Event congruence implies the consistency betwixt the expected disease related events and the events experienced. Cognitive capacity and structure providers impact the stimuli frame. Cognitive capacity refers to a persons ability to process information (Liehr Smith, 2014).Logical FormThe development of nursing theories should follow a logical process and must b e in line with the underlie objectives (Polit Beck, 2008). Concepts and sub concepts should be clearly stated and described consistently without ambiguity. The uncertainty in illness theory is well developed as the concepts are clearly presented and easily understood. After Michel reexamined her concept in 1990 the uncertainty of illness theory became deductive due to her using qualitative studies and chaos theory. These research studies lead her to change the direction of the theory. The theory now states that peoples uncertainty is always changing due to major life events and illnesses (Bailey Stewart, 2014). family relationship to Research, Education and Advanced Practice in NursingThe theory of uncertainty in illness can be utilize in different areas including training, nursing research and locomote nursing practice. The theory is used in advanced nursing practice to address uncertainty in different diseases and hence patient concerns regarding their diseases. This improve s their outcome and quality of life. Patients learn how to cope with uncertain events by understanding the disease process. The theory can be applied in nursing research as it helps researchers understand experience of patients with continuing and terminal diseases (Polit Beck, 2008). The uncertainty in illness theory has been used in studies that focus on uncertainty related to cancer to understand sources of uncertainty in the population how to resolve them. It also used in education to equip nursing students with knowledge and skills required to understand disease uncertainty and coping mechanisms.ImplicationsThe uncertainty in illness theory has implications on advanced nursing practice. The theory influences caring of patients as it permits nurses to offer information to patients and families with uncertainty closely the disease. Nurses are supposed to provide support to patients and families with uncertainty about their diseases. As a result, patients become emotionally and physically healthier and have strength to cope with the disease. The empowerment offered to patients and families enables them view life differently and increases quality of life (Liehr Smith, 2014).The uncertainty in illness theory can be used to care for a cancer patient the theory is useful in helping a cancer patient cope with the disease and eliminating uncertainty. Cancer can lead to stress because of the uncertainty around the disease, sermon and side effects. Cancer patients are unable to understand events related to the disease and these results to uncertainty and negatively impact their health. The theory can be used to help the patient understand the disease situation and make meaning and thus participate in the plan of care. Therefore, the theory is useful in educating the patient about cancer and addressing their concerns (Liehr Smith, 2014).SummaryMerle H. Mishels theory of Uncertainty in Illness was initially focused on the persons ability to resolve uncertainty. Although, she reevaluated and added the notion that uncertainty may neer resolve, but will become part of the persons identity and affect their perceptions and quality of life. The uncertainty in illness theory is all-important(a) in transforming patient care and experience. The theory helps patients understand uncertainty related with their illness and address the causes of uncertainty. They developing coping skills and hence are able to cope with the disease. The concepts are clear and well described. The theory can be used in nursing practice, nursing research and education as it is easy to understand and apply. ReferencesAlligood, M.R. (2014). Nursing theorists and their work. (8th ed.) St. Louis, MO Mosby Inc.Bailey, Jr., D. E., Stewart, J. L. (2014). Uncertainty in Illness Theory. In M. R. Alligood, Nursing Theorists and Their Work (8th ed., pp. 555-573). St. Louis, MO Elsevier Mosby.Liehr, P.R.., Smith, M. J. (2014).Middle range theory for nursing. youthful York, NY Spr ingerPolit, D.F. Beck, C. T. (2008).Nursing research. Philadephia Lippincott Williams and WilkinsAppendix A Schematic